ADE
KURNIA
LINGUISTIC VARIETIES AND MULTILINGUAL NATIONS
Over
half the world’s population is bilingual and many people are multilingual. They
acquire a number of languages because they need them for different purpose in
their everyday interaction. Example: like Balinese people have many languages
or “logat” to talk with other Balinese people. And they know about another
language like Indonesian language English language and so on. So the Balinese people have multiple
languages. The selection of discussion about:
A.
Vernacular Languages
The
term vernacular is used in numbers of ways. It generally refers to a language
which has not been standardized and which does not have official status.
Vernacular are usually the first language learned by people in multilingual
language communities, and they are often used for a relatively narrow range of
informal functions.
Example:
Like a children are
talking with their friends used informal language from his places.
1.
The first
language learned by people in multilingual communities.
2.
The variety used
for communication in the home and with close friends.
3.
Simply means a
language which is not an official language in a particular contest.
(Hebrew → Vernacularisation)
Example: Hebrew
|
In the Past
|
Now
|
|
1.
No native speakers
2.
No parental tongue
|
1.
Vernacularisation
2.
The national language of
Israel
|
B.
Standard Language
The
term standard is even more slippery then vernacular because it too is used in
many deferent ways by linguists. Here is one definition which can serve as a
useful starting point. A standard variety is generally one which is written,
and which has undergone some degree of regularization or codification it is
recognized as a prestigious variety by a community.
Example:
Human in their places
use standard language in their places.
1.
Recognized as a
prestigious variety or code by a community.
2.
Generally is written,
and has undergone some degree of regularization or codification.
3.
The most useful
and widely used as an official language or the national language.
(Example: Standard
English)
C.
Standard English
1.
Originally, a
regional English dialect.
2.
In 15th, widely used
in the Court and the influential merchants of London.
3.
Two
universities, Oxford and Cambridge, used it for literature or politics.
4.
London has
become the hub of international trade and export.
D.
Lingua Franca
A
lingua franca is a language used for a communication between people whose first
languages differ. Between the Colombians Indians, Tukano is the main lingua
franca, and it can be used with Indians who live in the Vaupes area of the
North West Amazon on both side of border between Colombia and brazil.
Example:
Like in Bali, many
people want to talk with other people use Balinese language.
1.
Eventually
displace the vernacular.
2.
A simplified
speech used for communication between people with different languages.
3.
Serves as a
regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a
multilingual speech community.
E.
The
Development of Pidgin And Creole
1.
Pidgins
Most
people have a predictable reaction to pidgin languages. They find them amusing.
If you read children story in variety of Pidgin English, it is easy to understand
why it sounds a lot like baby talk. But even if we take a serious article from
the news paper, many speakers of English still find pidgin languages humorous
or babyish.
a.
Why
do pidgins develop?
A pidgin is a language which has no
native speakers. Pidgins develop as a means of communication between people who
do not have a common language. So a pidgin is no one’s native language. Pidgins
seem particularly likely to arise when two groups with different languages are
communication in a situation where there is also third dominant language.
Example:
Like
People from Kintamani talk with someone from Gianyar in the street their
pronunciation will be different.
b.
What
kind of linguistic structure does a Pidgin language have?
Example:
I
have a friend. He is from Kayuambua. He his high Balinese and his brother
married with Kristen people and his brother Balinese people. She is can speak
high Balinese language with other people because everyday in the “griya” all
people there used high Balinese language when he or she speaking. So, she is
can speak high Balinese language because that situation each day.
Pidgin languages are created from the
combined efforts of people who speak different languages. All languages
involved may contribute to the sounds, the vocabulary, and the grammatical
features, but to different extents, and some additional features may emerge
which are unique to the new variety.
c.
Attitudes
Example:
Like
someone long time stay in the foreign to work there and suddenly his or her
return to the village and someone ask that people with high Balinese language
and he or she said “punapi gatrene?” And he or she can’t give the answer and
that people didn’t understand with the
meaning of the question because he or she
often used English language in the foreign so, that someone forget will
mother language self when he or she return to the village again.
To sum up, a pidgin language has three
identifying characteristics:
1)
It is used in
restricted domains and functions,
2)
It has a simplified
structure compared to the source languages,
3)
It generally has low
prestige and attracts negative attitudes, especially from outsiders.
2.
Creoles
A
creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers. Many of the languages
which are called pidgins are in fact now creole languages. They are learned by
children as their first language and used in a wide range of domains.
Example:
Like Balinese children
talk with her mother in the house she or he used low Balinese language when he
or she want request something to her mother. Example: that children request
money to her mother to pay book in the school.
a.
Structural
Features
Example:
|
(a)
|
Andi
membuat sebuah surat
|
He
makes a letter
|
Present
Tense
|
|
(b)
|
Andi
membuat sebuah surat
|
He
made a letter
|
Past
Tense
|
|
(c)
|
Andi
sedang membuat sebuah surat
|
He
is making a letter
|
Present
Continuous
|
|
(d)
|
Andi
sedang membuat sebuah surat
|
He
was making a letter
|
Past
Continuous
|
The linguistic complexity of creole
languages is often not appreciated by outsider. I mentioned above that pidgin
languages do not use affixes to signal meanings such as the tense of a verb or
the number of a noun.
b.
Attitudes
Though outsider’ attitudes to creoles
are often as negative as their attitudes to pidgins, this is not always the
case for those who speak the language.
c.
Origins
and endings
Example:
Like
from Batur said something used Balinese language with someone in the street and
she or he said bee “kar ije” and that someone confuse with the meaning of bee,
then that people from Batur explain if the sentence bee that and bee in the
sentence has the meaning you (kamu).
The
Development of Pidgin and Creole
 |
References:
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Ronald
Wardhaugh)
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar